Excavation can be done manually or mechanically.
Manual
The tools used here are the same tools used in agriculture, mining or road construction, so they are easily accessible. These include, picks, spades, mattocks, shovels, crowbars, rakes, etc. Manual excavation requires a lot of labour thus creating employment in the area. Another advantage is thayt since there is no carbon-dioxide emitting machinery involved, less harm is done to the eco-system.
Mechanical
Theres is a wide range of machinery that can be used. Most of these can be easily modified to suite the conditions or even the kind of work being done. An example would be the mechanical shovel which can be fitted to be used as a loader, excavator, grab, or clamshell excavator.
Screening
It is quite important to frequently screen the earth which is going to be used in the construction. This can be done by manually removing the larger stones and for smaller stones a vibrating screen can be used. This is done until a finer, powdery grain of earth is attained.
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